Thermal stress is one of the most serious reasons for cracking in dams.
温度应力是坝体产生裂缝的最主要原因之一。
In the coating, the nodular defect was observed to worsen severely the properties. For testing under oxidation condition, the nodular defect results in the internal oxidation of Al. No single Al oxide scale may be formed at 1100℃ owing to consumption of Al. Under hot corrosion, it becomes as short-path for diffusion of S through the coating, thus sulphuring the coating together with the substrate. During thermal shock testing, it may act as the source of cracking, and moreover, if cyclic stress applied, the cracks propagate toward the substrate, the thermal fatigue properties of coating will be worsened.
结果表明：在氧化条件下，缺陷导致Al的内氧化，在1100℃时，由于Al的大量内消耗，涂层表面已不能形成单一的氧化铝膜，使氧化性能下降；在热腐蚀条件下，缺陷成为硫向涂层中扩散的通道，导致涂层及基体的硫化；在冷热疲劳条件下，缺陷成为裂纹源，在交变应力作用下，裂纹向基体中扩展，降低了涂层的热疲劳性能。
It is found that the change of temperature could result in thermal stress, and thus enable the Biots factors to change. As a result, the distribution of circumferential effective stress is changed. As the temperature increases, the rock mechanic properties get poor. Thermal cracking may occur, which ultimately results in lost circulation and the collapse of wells. Temperature and pressure play a role on HTHP wells at the same time, but the temperature effect is more obvious, which will result in the decrease of ECD.
研究发现温度变化会产生热应力，导致孔隙弹性系数变化，从而改变井周有效应力的分布；温度升高岩石力学性质逐渐变差，并有可能产生热开裂现象，从而引发井漏、井塌等复杂事故；高温高压井中压力和温度同时起作用，但温度效应更加明显，将引起钻井液当量密度降低。
Carbon fiber laminate; thermal stress; load-carrying capacity; cracking load; reinforced concrete beam
碳纤维薄板；温度应力；承载力；开裂载荷；钢筋混凝土梁
The major aging problems in a PWR plant and their assessment technologies were summarized as the radiation embrittlement of reactor pressure vessel materials, thermal aging of cast stainless steel, stress corrosion cracking of steam generator tubing and metal fatigue in primary circuit of a PWR plant.
主要的老化机理有反应堆压力容器的辐照脆化、铸造不锈钢的热老化、蒸汽发生器传热管的应力腐蚀开裂和金属疲劳。因而可能是一种潜在的辐射防护剂。
Because holding parts which supports water wall tube restrain free expansion and contraction, thus stress increases resulting thermal fatigue cracking on weaker position.
因固定水冷壁膜片的拉筋拘束了水冷壁管自由膨胀与收缩，致使应力增大，导致在薄弱位置萌生热疲劳裂纹。
Through designing of composition and structure of the bioactive graded coating, innerstress and its distribution in the coating were analyzed and calculated, the resultsshowed that when composition distribution coefficient n was 1.5, a reasonable stressdistribution could be got, that was at the beginning of deposition the suspension containingrichly BG granules was used so that a rich BG granules layer, a good transitional layerbetween BG layer at the bottom and the coating could be obtained at the titanium alloy side, the bottom of the coating; the stress value near the interface and surface and its character, pressure stress or tensile stress, were decided by the character of its composition itself. Changing composition distribution coefficient n could only change the variation tendency ofstress in the coating, but did not change the stress distribution rule in the coating. Thethinner the coating is, the sharper stress variation in the coating is, which does not mean thatthicker coating is better because the thicker the coating is, the little the permitteddeformation of coating is, so the coating thickness should be thinner, for example, about50μm for bending applications, but for applications only bearing pure shear stress, such asroot of tooth implant, the coating can be thicker little, for instance, about 80～100μm. The study on electrification characteristic and electrophoresis deposition of HAand BG granules in aqueous and non-aqueous solution system found that EPD almost didn'toccur in aqueous solution system. However, because HA granules take position charges inabsolute alcohol, a homogeneous EPD be carried out on the cathode titanium alloy slice, but taking negative charge in absolute alcohol the BG granules not be deposited on the cathode. A guided HA crystallizing, 100～300nm, on surface of the BG granules be realized by metathetical reaction, which cover BG granules with HA microcrystals and make the covered BG granules taking position charges in absolute alcohol, sequentially realize the EPCD of the BG and HA granules on the cathode, so it is feasible to make a titanium alloy/BG/HA bioactive graded coating by making use of EPCD technology. The corrosion experiment of rich boron bioglass coating and plasma spray coating showed that split phase, rich boron and rich silicon phase, occurred during its preparation. In basic medium the corrosion behavior of 〓 BG coating showed uniformity corrosion, the corrosion mostly occurred at rich boron phase area, therefore batch formula design of BGshould avoid the occurring of split phase. The corrosion appearance of plasma spray coatingappeared a non-uniform corrosion, mostly occurred at the edge of the laminated HA moltendrops, and emerged an accelerated corrosion tendency, which will easyly lead to corrosioncrackles extending to the interface and the happening of osmotic interfacial corrosion, thatmay be one of the major reasons leading to the coating cracking-off in the later period. Thetesting results of thermal expansion coefficient of 〓 and 〓BG showed the thermalexpansion coefficient of 〓 BG matched with that of titanium alloy better, and 〓 BG couldsinter with titanium alloy into densification enamel layer at low temperature (720℃).
将Ti6Al4V合金在1000℃下进行真空热处理会降低其力学性能，且合金内的V元素会向表面富集，因此，钛合金真空热处理和表面涂层的烧结温度不能过高，即应低于其相转变点；通过对生物活性梯度涂层的组成和结构的设计，分析和计算了梯度涂层内的应力大小和分布，结果表明：对于本研究，当成分分布系数n=1.5时，可以获得较合理的涂层力学性能，即在沉积开始时，采用富含BG颗粒的悬浮液，以便在钛合金侧获得同底层BG有良好过渡的富BG涂层；梯度涂层界面和表面的应力大小、性质由材料组成本身的性质决定，改变成分分布系数，只能改变涂层内应力变化的趋势；涂层的厚薄不影响涂层内的应力分布规律，但涂层越薄，涂层内的应力变化越快，但这并不意味着涂层越厚越好，因为涂层越厚，涂层允许的变形越小，对于应用于弯曲受力部位的涂层而言，涂层应薄一点为好(50μm)；而对于仅纯受剪切应力的部位，如牙根种植体，涂层可适当加厚(80～100μm)；通过对HA和BG颗粒在水溶液体系和非水溶液体系中的带电特性和电泳沉积的研究发现，它们在水溶液体系中很难发生电沉积；在无水乙醇溶液中，HA颗粒带正电，可在阴极钛合金片上发生均匀的电泳沉积，而BG颗粒则带负电荷；利用复分解反应法，可以制得100～300nm的HA，通过诱导HA在BG颗粒表面结晶，可对BG颗粒进行表面包覆，获得了被HA包覆的BG颗粒，改变了BG颗粒表面的带电特性，使BG和HA颗粒在无水乙醇中均带上正电荷，从而实现了HA和BG颗粒在阴极上的共沉积。
LNG carrier should withstand a long time under low-temperature source which may cause thermal stress, to ensure that the hull structure have no damage, such as bending or cracking problems.
LNG船能够经受住长时间低温源作用下引起的温度应力保证船体结构不发生屈服或开裂破损等问题。
The equation on critical stress of matrix cracking that could consider the effect of interface layer and thermal stress can be obtained.
在此基础上建立了可以考虑界面层和热应力影响的基体开裂临界应力求解方程。
T was proved by the optical and electronical microanalysis methods and mechanical analysis that the thermal stress, corrosive medium in burned gas and dendritic structure of the vane were main reasons for the cracking of the turbine nozzle vane.
使用光学、电子等微观手段及宏观力学分析方法证明，由不均匀的温度分布所引起的热应力、燃气中的腐蚀性介质及铸态组织中的枝晶是引起涡轮叶片开裂的主要原因。
Experimental study of acoustic emission characteristics of granite thermal cracking under middle-high temperature and triaxial stress
中高温三轴应力下鲁灰花岗岩热破裂声发射特征的试验研究
This research results are listed as follows: (1) Under three-dimensional stress, there is thermal cracking phenomenon for all granite samples.
在热破裂升温过程中，花岗岩岩样的渗透率随温度的升高而表现为正指数增大的规律。
According to field survey thermal stress incurred by hydration heat may induce temperature cracking in PC box-girder.
实测数据显示水化热温度应力可能导致混凝土结构开裂。
During thermal shock testing, it may act as the source of cracking, and moreover, if cyclic stress applied, the cracks propagate toward the substrate, the thermal fatigue properties of coating will be worsened.
在冷热疲劳条件下，缺陷成为裂纹源，在交变应力作用下，裂纹向基体中扩展，降低了涂层的热疲劳性能。
The ingot molds are influenced by high temperature and thermal-stress during casting of ingots and easy to fail due to thermal fatigue and hot cracking, so, thermal fatigue is the most common failure modes of ingot molds.
在浇注铸锭的过程中，锭模受到高温和热应力的作用，表面容易产生热疲劳裂纹而失效，因而热疲劳是锭模最常见的失效形式。
The aforementioned phenomena had vanished by using a high temperature and high strength adhesive, but the cracking of quartz dumb bar and plastic flow of specimen undergone by the thermal stress.
采用高温高强度粘结剂后，上述现象均消失，但是热应力使石英传递棒开裂或试样范性变形。
Cracking due to thermal and mechanical stress caused in solidification, soaking, hot rolling, laminar cooling and coiling.
钢液在凝固以及铸坯在冷却、均热、轧制、层流冷却和卷取等过程中的热应力、机械应力以及相变应力等作用力超过钢的塑性变形抗力。
The results show that stress-absorbing layer can effectively eliminate the stress concentration phenomenon at joints of cement concrete and avoid the reflective cracking of overlay caused by thermal shrinkage of cement concrete slab and load.
结果表明：应力吸收层可有效消解水泥混凝土板块接缝处的应力集中现象，防止水泥混凝土面板由于温缩及荷载作用引起的加铺层反射裂缝；
The tensile stress induced by restrained thermal and autogenous shrinkage deformations was the main driving force of cracking in concrete at early age.
温度变形和自生收缩变形等受约束形成的拉应力，是引起混凝土早期开裂的主要驱动力；
But many concrete box girder construction with operations in serious crack on the phenomenon that there is structural damage caused by thermal stress cracking.
但是许多混凝土箱梁在施工与运营中发生严重的裂损现象表明，存在着引起结构损裂的温度应力。