The surface heat processing man method has the flame hardening and induction heating the heat treatment, the commonly used heat source has oxyacetylene or flame, the induced current, the laser and the electron beam and so on oxygen propane and so on.
在渗入元素后再进行其它热处理工艺，比如淬火和回火。化学热处理的主要有渗碳、渗氮、渗金属的方法。
The implantation enhanced strengthening was proposed to originate from: solid or super solid solution and precipitation hardening which occured in the implanted surface region not more than 1000 〓 deep; and radiation induced defects hardening which might be effective up to 1μm deep below the surface.
另外，注入也使疲劳强度系数和指数也有少量的提高，而循环强度系数和循环应变硬化指数变化不明显；表面观察显示注入硬化层（由较浅的表面注入层和较深的辐照损伤层组成）可以抑制PSB's向表面扩展。
The movement of yield surface and boundary surface (isotropic hardening or kinematics hardening) is limited in the allowable stress space. The stress-induced anisotropy and the influence of stress path are reasonably considered in the transformed stress space.
在变换应力空间，屈服面、边界面只能在允许的应力空间中运动（等向硬化或运动硬化），从而合理地反映了土体各向异性与应力路径的影响。