As emphasized by Benjamin Franklin14 in his reply to a Parliamentary committee in 1760, colonial trade deficits to Britain could be paid by surplus earned in trades to other overseas areas as well as by earnings from shipping and other mercantile services.
如本杰明·富兰克林1760年在对国会委员会的答复中所强调的，殖民地对英国贸易的逆差可由其与其他国家和地区的贸易顺差支付，也可由海运与其他商业服务赚得的收入支付。
This policy discouraged any colonial trade except with Great Britain.
这种政策打击了每个殖民地，除了英国自身。
Restraining commerce at home, the emperors also strictly limited overseas trade. In Chin`s history, they never invaded the tributary states in order to seize commercial profit. This made a sharp contrast with Western countries`behavior in colonial system in 16th-19th centuries.
在国内大行抑商政策的同时，海外贸易受到严格限制，更不会为此进行大规模武力扩张，这与重商主义思想驱动殖民体系建立过程中，一些西方国家的行为形成鲜明对比。
British troops were sent to Boston in 1768 to help officials enforce the Townshend Acts, a series of laws passed by the British Parliament. The purpose of the Townshend program was to make colonial governors and judges independent of colonial control, to create a more effective means of enforcing compliance with trade regulations, and to establish the controversial precedent that Parliament had the right to tax the colonies.
在1768年时，数批英国军队被派遣至波士顿以强制执行汤森法案，汤森法案为由英国议会所通过的一系列法规，该法案的目的有：殖民地总督的确立、殖民统治的法官之独立、确保贸易法规之实行所订定的一些法条，以及为了确保英国议会收税的权利所订定的条例。
Over one hundred years ago, to break the monopoly of Chinese tea for world tea market, seek thick advantage, British colonial the authorities develop Indian tea trade vigorously from Chinese all-sidedly input tea seed, tea sprout, tea worker and kind system technology.
印度是当今世界主要产茶和茶叶出口大国。100多年前，为了打破中国茶叶对世界茶叶市场的垄断，牟取厚利，英国殖民当局从中国全面输入茶籽、茶苗、茶工、种制技术，大力发展印度茶业。
Third, the monarchies abandoned the tradition of agricultural economy and took the policy of mercantilism to promote overseas trade, colonial expansion and the original capital accumulation.
三是封建君主一反农本传统，采取重商主义政策，借以促进海外贸易和殖民扩张，鼓励资本原始积累。
The fulfilment of this free trade policy had promoted the development and prosperity of British capitalism, and helped the industrial bourgeois gain political power all to themselves. However, the free trade policy was an aggressive economic policy to the colonial countries and semi-colonial countries.
自由贸易政策的实施促进了英国资本主义的发展和繁荣，使工业资产阶级获得了独占政治的统治权，但是，对殖民地、半殖民地国家而言，自由贸易政策则是一种经济侵略政策。
After the Industrial Revolution, the main capitalism nation entered the industrialization ages. The billowing current of capitalism industry civilization and the colonial depredation rolling up the world found the new era of world economy trade.
工业革命后，主要资本主义国家进入了工业化时代，资本主义工业文明的滚滚洪流和席卷全球的殖民掠夺，开创了世界经济贸易的新纪元，以英国为中心的世界贸易体系形成了。
The realization of the new type of industrialization must rely on international cooperation, the introduction of foreign investment and advanced technology, foreign trade and sharing markets rather than the traditional mode of colonial war and ruthless exploitation.
实现新型工化的手段，决不像传统工业化那样靠殖民战争和掠夺，只能靠国际合作：引进外资和先进技术、对外贸易、共享市场等，这就需要和平的国际环境。
To create such a depraved image of China not only disguises the crime of British opium trade and the opium wars but also provides the so-called justice for their colonial domination.
塑造一个负面的、邪恶的中国形象不仅掩盖了鸦片贸易与战争的罪恶，而且为殖民统治提供了所谓正义的理由。
America has become a strong country in the world from a backword colonial and foreign trade policy plays an important role.
美国从一个落后的殖民地一跃成为世界强国，对外贸易政策发挥的作用功不可没。
Colonial trade contributes to realizing the dream of marine power, and profoundly affects the society and economy in England.
这为英国实现海上强国的梦想，并成功地走向近代社会，意义重大，影响深远。
Foreign trade had been the lifeblood of the American economy since colonial times.
自殖民地时代以来，对外贸易一直是美国经济的生命线。
Capital: overseas trade, colonial plunder and the enclosure movement has accumulated abundant capital.
资本：海外贸易、殖民掠夺和圈地运动积累了雄厚的资本。
Colonial plunder usually enjoy the privileges granted by the Government of the trade companies.
殖民掠夺通常由政府授予享有特权的贸易公司进行。
That China is still ahead in Africa is, perhaps, not surprising. Chinese trade with the region has grown from less than $ 10bn in 2000 to more than $ 200bn last year, overtaking the US and the former colonial European powers.
中国在非洲的影响力仍胜过其他国家，或许并不出人意料。中非贸易额已从2000年的不到100亿美元增加至去年的逾2000亿美元，超过美国和当年在非洲有殖民地的欧洲大国。
Triumph over Spaniards not only enhanced the self confidence of English nation, but also cleared away the biggest obstacle to colonial expansion abroad and thus prepared favorable conditions for the establishment and development of the British Empire of trade in the Dynasty of Stuart.
打败西班牙人不但提高了英格兰民族的自信心，而且扫除了他们通向海外殖民扩张道路上的最大障碍，为斯图亚特王朝时期英国海外殖民贸易帝国的建立和发展准备了有利条件。
But turkey the word is a geographic mess & a tribute to the vagaries of colonial trade and conquest.
但是turkey一词来源是一种地理上的大杂烩&是对殖民地贸易和征服的异想天开的献礼。
From London-Antwerp trade to Atlantic business system, the overseas trade of England went through three historical stages, and established its colonial trade pattern eventually.
从最初伦敦与安特卫普之间的呢绒贸易，到17世纪中后期大西洋商业体系的初步形成，英国海外贸易经历了三个不同的历史阶段，并最终建立了殖民地贸易模式。
As the decline of rice trade in early modern times was caused by the semi-colonial and semi-feudal social reality and other complicated social matters, any efforts from single side would never get their expected results.
由于稻米贸易的衰落是由近代中国半殖民地半封建的社会性质、诸多的社会问题纠结在一起共同作用的结果，任何单方面的努力都将会有力不从心之虞。