The interaction between microorganisms and minerals can facilitate the process of exogenic biogeochemical reaction, which is one of the important research contents in exogenic geochemistryMicrobes and their geological effects were summarized, and a variety of microbial weathering phenomena toward carbonate rocks, especially on different microcosmic scales, were analyzedThe products and mechanisms of weathering of carbonate rocks by microbes were also expoundedThe authors put forward four microbial weathering mechanisms of carbonate rocks:(1)microorganisms grow on rock surface or in crevices, which will result in biocorrosion, bioerosion, and boring, and will accelerate rock decomposition and weathering; (2)boring meshes produced by microbial colony could increase the efficient superficial area of chemical denudation of rocks, and could lead to the intensification of rock surface weathering to promote mechanical erosion, and the microbial destruction and loosing of cementation structure of rock particles would also accelerate the decomposition of mineral particles; (3)rock weathering can be intensified by the effects of microbial waterkeeping, acidification of organic acids secreted by microorganisms and the release of CO2 induced by microbial respiration onto rock surface; (4)microorganisms uptake nutrition from rock surface to produce complicated organic ligands and promote the release of mineral elements in the growing process of microorganismsFinally, how to carry on the studies of the microbial weathering of carbonate rocks was proposedThe authors suggest to comprehensively exploit local lowgrade mineral resources which contain potassium and phosphate and to accelerate soil formation and evolution in karst regions by using microbial technology.
微生物-矿物相互作用可以促进许多表生生物地球化学反应过程，是表生地球化学研究的重要内容。通过综合岩石表面的微生物类群及其地质作用，分析碳酸盐岩微生物风化的各种现象，特别是微观尺度上的各种形态，阐述碳酸盐岩的微生物风化机制与风化产物，笔者提出微生物对碳酸盐岩风化的4种途径：(1)通过微生物在岩石表面和缝隙中生长，导致岩石表层发生生物溶蚀、生物磨蚀和生物钻孔作用，加速岩石风化进程；(2)微生物群体形成的钻孔网络可以增强岩石化学溶蚀的有效表面积并导致其表面强度减弱而促进机械侵蚀作用，微生物对周围岩石颗粒胶结结构的破坏、疏松作用也会导致岩石矿物颗粒的分解；(3)微生物的持水作用，微生物分泌的有机酸以及微生物呼吸所释放的CO2对岩表水分的酸化过程亦加速岩石矿物的分解；(4)微生物生长过程中从岩石内摄取营养元素和产生复杂的有机配体，能促进矿物元素的释放。文中提出在开展微生物对碳酸盐岩风化过程和机理研究的基础上，有必要引入微生物生物技术来综合开发本地低品位含钾磷矿产资源，加速岩溶地区山地土壤的形成与演化。
This project apply the supercritical technology into ammonia synthsis industry. It utilized the unique properties of supercritical fluid to remove ammonia from the surface of catalysis promptly. Then, the reaction can continue in the direction of producing ammonia. therefore it breaks throught the restriction of chemical equilibrium in macroscopic, and upgrade the convension rate of ammonia.
本项目首次提出把超临界技术运用到合成氨工业上，利用超临界流体的特性，把反应产物氨从催化剂表面及时脱去，使反应连续向生成氨的方向进行，从而在宏观上突破化学平衡限制，提高氨的单程转化率。
Nano-material Science is a new knowledge that covers Atomic Physics, Condensed State Physics, Colloidal Chemistry, Solid Chemistry, Coordination Chemistry, Dynamics of Chemical Reaction, Surface and Interface Science and so on.
纳米材料科学是原子物理、聚集态物理、胶体化学、固体化学、配位化学、化学反应动力学和表面、界面科学等多种学科交叉汇合而出现的新学科生长点。
Obtains the coal tar surface oxygen-containing compound to plant, the oxygen atom electric charge distribution along with its locates the chemical environment difference, the electric charge change is big, in which lactone and the acid anhydride on the carbonyl oxygen atom Mulliken electric charge and in the Fukui index relativity other chemical environment the oxygen atom must be big, explained the lactone and in acid anhydride carbonyl structure oxygen activeness is biggest, has the chemical reaction active position spot.
得出煤焦表面含氧物种中，氧原子的电荷分布随其所处化学环境的不同，电荷变化较大，其中内酯和酸酐中羰基氧原子上的Mulliken电荷和Fukui指数相对比其它化学环境中氧原子的要大，说明内酯和酸酐羰基结构上的氧活性最大，是发生化学反应的活性位点。
XPS and FTIR spectroscopy analysis indicated that chemical bonds were formed between maleic rosin and wood flour through the esterification reaction of anhydride groups and hydroxyl groups on wood surface.
FTIR与XPS分析表明，马来松香分子中的酸酐基团与木粉表面的羟基发生了酯化反应，并且马来松香是以单酯的形式接枝到木粉表面，同时产生－游离羧基。
As chemical reaction, the pyrolytic and oxidative degradation of cellulose and the char oxidation are taken into account. The gas phase reaction of CO on and above the bed surface is also included.
模型中考虑了燃料的热解、氧化降解和炭的氧化反应，并将热解和氧化降解气体产物分成CO、CO2、H2、H2O和CH4，填充床表面及其上方设CO气相氧化反应。
It indicated thatthe adsorption of CO〓 on the surface of metallic U was chemical absorption, becausethat it was exothermic reaction with 51.68 KJ. mol〓 adsorption heat at latm.
计算表明，〓在金属铀表面的吸附是放热反应，其吸附热在latm下为51.68 KJ.mol〓，故是化学吸附。
The reaction with free protons generates an organic monomolecular layer at the inorganic surface - in contrast to the polymolecular layers typical with other coupling agents - which in combination with the chemical structure of the titanates creates novel substrate surface energy modifications and polymer phase interactions.
与自由质子的反应导致在无机填料表面产生了一个有机单分子层（相比之下，其它偶联剂形成多分子层），这样连同钛酸酯的化学结构就创造出了新型底基表面能改性方法和聚合物相间作用方式。
The reaction with free protons generates an organic monomolecular layer at the inorganic surface - in contrast to the polymolecular layers typical with other coupling agents - which in combination with the chemical structure of the titanates createsnovel substrate surface energy modifications and polymer phase interactions.
与自由质子的反应导致在无机填料表面产生了一个有机单分子层（相比之下，其它偶联剂形成多分子层），这样连同钛酸酯的化学结构就创造出了新型底基表面能改性方法和聚合物相间作用方式。
The acid based stain will actually cause a chemical reaction and attach itself to the surface.
染色酸基会引起化学反应，高度自行浮出水面。
Tanshinone deposited on the surface of the carrier in crystal form, and the size was obviously reduced. A lot of acerose crystals of tanshinone on the surface of the carrier occurred. No chemical reaction acted between tanshinone and carrier.
结果：溶剂沉积物明显提高了丹参酮的溶出度；丹参酮以结晶形式沉积于载体表面，结晶颗粒与沉积前相比明显减小，且出现大量针状微晶；丹参酮与载体间仅仅是物理作用。
A scheme for modification of the silicon surface with organic monolayer films in micro-area is developed, which is based on the photolithography and photoactivated reaction of alkenes with Si-H on hydrogen-terminated silicon surface. The chemical pattern was demonstrated by selective protein adsorption and by selective covalent link of oligonucleotide to the modified surface.
应用半导体工业中使用非常成熟的光刻胶掩模版技术和最近发展起来的紫外光激发烯烃和氢终止硅表面的Si-H反应的方法发展了一套在硅表面制备高质量化学图形的方法；并利用抗体蛋白在有不同化学性质的表面吸附性能的差异和利用寡聚核苷酸与化学性质不同的表面形成化学键能力的差异对微区修饰硅表面的性质进行了表征。
A series of alkyl diphenyl ether were synthesized with low cost raw materials, diphenyl ether and aliphatic alcohol, catalyzed by concentrated sulfuric acid, and followed by sulfonation to produce MADS. On the basis of analysis and characterization, structure of the products was identified, effect factors of the preparation reactions were investigated and the optimum reaction conditions were obtained.2.The surface chemical properties of C_8, C_9, C_(10)-MADS were determined.
通过对产物的表征分析，对其结构进行了鉴定，并对合成反应的影响因素进行了分析讨论，优化了合成条件。2、测定了所合成的系列烷基二苯醚双磺酸钠C_8-MADS，C_9-MADS，C_(16-MADS的表面化学性能，结果表明：合成样品在质量分数高达10%的无机酸、无机碱及无机盐溶液中表面化学性能稳定，同时显示出优良的乳化性能和在硬水条件下较好的去污洗涤性能。3。
In this paper, N-dodecylethylenediaminetriacetic acid was synthesized through three-step reactions of bromination, N-unialkylation and carboxymethylation with dodecanol, ethylenediamine and chloroacetic as starting materials. The reaction mechanism were discussed. The effects of various conditions to the reaction were optimized by unifactor experiment. Under the optimum reaction condition, the total yield reached 84.5%. The structures of the products were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and MS. In addition, Some physical and chemical properties of N-dodecylethylenediaminetriacetic acid such as surface tension, CMC, chelation, corrosion inhibition, foam activity, emulsifying activity and so on, were determined and proved to be good.
本文以月桂醇、乙二胺、氯乙酸等为原料，经过溴化、N-单烷基化、羧甲基化三步反应合成了N-十二烷基乙二胺三乙酸，对其反应机理进行了探讨，通过单因素实验对各反应产物的合成条件进行了优化，目标产物总收率可达84.5%，并利用红外、核磁及质谱等分析手段对所合成产物的结构进行了表征；同时也对目标产物的物理化学性能诸如表面活性、螯合性能、缓蚀性能、泡沫性能及乳化性能等进行了测定与分析。
Low intrinsic toughness would introduce sensitivity to flaw. Surface chemical reaction reduced toughness of Fe〓Si based alloy furthermore, and made it more sensitive to flaw.
Fe〓Si基合金的拉伸断裂应力较分散，从断裂力学的角度分析了合金本征脆性低导致合金对缺陷敏感，表面环境化学反应致脆降低合金的断裂韧度，加剧了Fe〓Si基合金的缺陷敏感性，这是合金断裂应力分散的原因。
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed to analyze the surface chemical properties of specimens of acid treatment and acylation reaction.
利用X射线光电子能谱对酸氧化及酰氯化处理后的样品进行了表面化学性质分析。
The further study is finding new approaches aimed to improve coke thermal properties of existing metallurgical cokes and upgrade low-grade by enhancing its resistance to oxidation with CO〓. 2. Exploiting study on improving coke thermal properties by negative catalyst addition was conducted, the catalytic effects of species and chemical states of negative catalyst on solution loss reaction of coke are investigated in detail by adding H〓BO〓, B〓O〓 and B pure substance into coal before carbonization or absorbing or impregnating of boron compound on coke surface.
进行了采用负催化剂抑制溶损反应改善焦炭热性质研究，考察了对焦炭溶损反应性具有负催化作用的物种和化学形态，结果表明：硼的化合物添加到煤中炼焦对焦炭质量影响具有双重性：一方面由于H〓BO〓、B〓O〓等硼的化合物对煤质的破粘作用，对焦炭的溶损反应性产生不利影响；另一方面，由于硼的添加，抑制了焦炭的溶损反应，使焦炭反应性降低，改善焦炭热性质。
Then PCMS was connected to the surface of carbon nanotube by the reaction of azide group with single walled carbon nanotube or multi-walled carbon nanotube and the chemical modification of CNT was realized.
通过—N3与单壁或复壁碳纳米管反应将超支化聚合物接到碳纳米管的表面上，实现了碳纳米管的化学修饰。
This dissertation is related to the studies: The basic property of foam in porous media under reservoir condition. The forming, breaking and transporting of foam in ASP system under reservoir condition. The influence factors on foam behavior and its mechanism such as oil, polymer, interfacial tension, wettability, temperature, pore shape, gravity drainage, capillary suction, surface elasticity, viscosity, electric double-layer repulsion, dispersion force attraction and steric repulsion. The lib and pilot study about the phase behavior of ASP-Foam. Fractional-flow theory and its application to foam process at limiting capillary pressure. The building of entire ASP-Foam mathematical model. It considered ASP, rock, foam and oil and their interaction effects. Based on UTCHEM chemical flooding software, developed DQFOAM 1.0 ASP-Foam software. The software can be used to simulating the process in lib and field. It has the functions which can describe entire mechanism of ASP-Foam. Mainly it includs: velocity-dependent dispersion, molecular diffusion, diluent, crude oil effects, surfactant and polymer adsorption, interfacial tension, relative permeability, capillary pressure, hysteretic relative permeability and capillary pressure, capillary trapping, cation exchange, phase density, components and phase viscosity, phase behavior, aqueous reaction, partition of chemical species in oil and the aqueous phase, precipitation/dissolution, in-situ generation of surfactant by the reaction between alkali and acidic components of crude oil, effects of PH on surfactant adsorption, biodegradation, dual porosity model for simple phase tracer, polymer and gel properties such as permeability reduction and inaccessible pore volume and non-Newtonian rheology and adsorption, tracer reaction, influence of foam on mobility of gas, effects of permeability and flow rate and ASP on the strength of the foam. Performed the numerical simulation for the ASP-Foam flooding pilot in Daqing oil field. Provided some useful advises which can enhance the industrial application of the simulator.
本文在以下几个方面做了较深入的研究：①油藏条件下孔隙介质中泡沫的基本性质；②油藏条件下泡沫在三元体系中产生、破裂及其传输性质；③油藏条件下在三元体系中泡沫的影响因素及其机理，其中影响因素主要有原油、聚合物、界面张力、润湿性、温度、体液粘度、界面张力及孔隙的几何形状，其中作用机理主要有重力排液速度、毛细管吸入、表面弹性、双电层排斥、分散力的吸引和位排斥作用；④三元复合体系的相态和泡沫复合体系在油藏条件下性质的室内和矿场研究；⑤分流理论及其在油藏条件下泡沫过程中的应用；⑥建立了一个完整的泡沫复合驱数学模型，该模型考虑了三元、岩石、泡沫、原油、地层水的性质及其相互作用机理；⑦应用所建立的泡沫复合驱模型，在UTCHEM化学驱数值模拟软件基础上开发完成了DQFOAM1.0版本的泡沫复合驱数值模拟软件，应用该软件可以进行矿场和室内岩心驱实验的数值模拟研究及矿场泡沫复合驱方案的优化设计，同时该软件具有全面的机理描述功能，主要包括扩散和弥散，稀释作用，原油、表面活性剂和聚合物的吸附，界面张力，相对渗透率，毛细管压力，相对渗透率和毛细管压力滞后，毛细管捕集，离子交换，相密度，组分相粘度，相态，水相反应，化学物质在油和水中的分配，溶解／沉淀，由酸性原油就地产生表活剂，PH值影响表活剂吸附，有机物的生物降解作用，对于简单的相示踪剂流动的双重介质选项，聚合物的剪切降粘、不可及孔隙体积、渗透率降低、吸附，凝胶的粘度、渗透率降低、吸附，示踪剂的分配、吸附、放射性衰变、反应、不连通孔隙，温度影响粘度、示踪剂反应、凝胶反应、表活剂相态，泡沫对气体流度的影响以及渗透率、流速及三元体系浓度对泡沫强度的影响；⑧针对大庆油田进行了泡沫复合驱的室内岩心驱和矿场试验的数值模拟研究；⑨对泡沫复合驱数值模拟商业化软件的研制提出了切实可行的具体的改进意见。
Usually if the crystal level is good, the final crystal surface is the bigger surface with high density, this kind of surface`s chemical reaction will be slower.
一般结晶程度好，最终形成的晶面为晶体内部面网密度较大的面，在这类面上进行的化学反应一般速度较慢。