The present work apples the Larsen-Borgnakke phenomenological theory to describe the energy exchange between the kinetic and internal modes of collision molecules. On this basis, the DSMC phenomenological chemical reaction model is developed using the steric factor method.
本文采用Larsen-Borgnakke唯象法来描述碰撞分子的平动能与内能之间的能量交换，并在此基础上，采用位阻因子法发展了一套DSMC唯象化学反应模型。
Through simulation of the real process of thomcolumbar burst fracture and use of modem dynamics techniques, the present study was (1) to investigate the kinetic relationship between structural damage and impact energy absorption and dynamics mechanism of thoracolumbar burst fracture by quantitative analysis of various injured segments; (2) to explore the instability mechanism of L1 vertebral burst fracture and its injury threshold by three-dimensional analysis of the injured segment with stereophotogrammetry in combination of transient physical parameters, anatomy and image; (3) to explore the corresponding relationships between impact energy, geometry parameters and biomechanics by geometry and biomechanical analysis of thoracolumbar burst fracture, which may provide an objective standard for evaluation of spinal injury severity and experimental evidence for adoption of biomechanical treatment in clinic; (4) to evaluate the fixation effect of different instruments and the effect of intervertebral bone graft on segment fixation by analysis of the threedimensional stability of different internal fixation instruments and their decompression of the spinal canal, which may provide experimental evidence for therapeutical selection for thoracolumbar burst fracture in future; and finally to investigate the effect of various instrument fixation on dynamical characteristics by comparison and quantitative analysis of frequency and amplitude responses, which may provide certain theories and experimental evidence for application of vibration test to judge the stability of the spine.
本研究从胸腰段脊柱爆裂骨折发生的实际过程出发，以现代动力学检测及计算机多通道高性能数据采集分析系统等高新技术为基础，实时量化分析损伤节段的工程参数，揭示了结构破坏与能量吸收的变化规律，探讨了胸腰段脊柱爆裂骨折的瞬态损伤机制；利用三维立体摄像技术，对不同损伤程度的节段进行三维运动分析，结合瞬态物理参数、影像学和病理解剖，明确了〓椎体爆裂骨折的失稳机制及损伤阈值；通过对胸腰椎爆裂骨折的几何学变化及生物力学分析，明确了撞击能量与几何参数、几何参数与生物力学的相应关系，为评判脊柱损伤程度提供了客观标准，为治疗中采取适宜的生物力学方法提供了实验依据；通过对比分析不同内固定器械的三维稳定性和对椎管的减压作用，评价不同器械的复位固定作用，同时比较椎体间植骨对节段固定作用的影响，为今后临床胸腰段脊柱爆裂骨折的治疗选择提供依据；利用振动测试与分析技术，比较及量化分析了不同致伤状况的频幅响应特征，比较分析了各种器械固定对动力学特性的影响，为今后临床建立基于振动测试与分析技术判断脊柱稳定性的诊断方法，提供了一定的理论和实验依据。
There is larger turbulent kinetic energy in the internal swirl area near the air column under the end of the overflow tube in the hydrocyclone;
旋流器内湍动能较大的区域是溢流管端以下空气柱附近的内旋流区域；
Therelationship between the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, whichis widely used to parameterize the dissipation rate in turbulence closure models, is found to hold well for both reversing and rotating flows, but with differentcoefficients. Microstructure profiling measurements at two comparative stations (a deepercentral basin and a local shelf break) in the stratified Yellow Sea are analyzed, with emphasis on tidal and internal-wave induced turbulence near the bottomand in the pyenocline. The water column has a distinct three-layer thermohaline structure, consisting of weakly stratified surface and bottom boundary layers anda narrow sharp pycnocline. Turbulence in the surface layer is controlled by thediurnal cycle of buoyancy flux and wind forcing at the sea surface. while thebottom stress induced by barotropic tidal eurrents dominates turbulence in thebottom boundary layer. The maximum level at which the tidally enhanced mixingcan affect generally depends on the magnitude of the tidal current, and it canbe up to 10-15 m in the Yellow Sea. This suggests that, in the deeper regionsof the shelf seas, turbulent dissipation and mixing are very weak at the levelsbetween the near-bottom tidally enhanced layer and the pycnocline. Therefore, these levels provide a significant bottle neck for the vertical exchanges. In theshallow regions, however, the tidally-induced turbulence can occupy the wholewater colum below the pycnocline. A quarter-diurnal periodicities of the turbulentdissipation rate and eddy diffusivity are found at different heights with evidenttime lag. In the relatively flat central basin, the pycnocline is essentially non-turbulent and internal-wave activity is very weak. Therefore, vertical fluxes acrossthe pycnocline decreased to molecular levels. In contrast, internal waves of variousperiods can be always found near the local shelf break.
对强层化季节黄海两对比性站位(分别位于中央海盆区与局地陆坡区)处层化、内波以及湍流混合特征的研究结果表明：1、强层化季节的陆架海水体一般呈现显著的三层热盐结构，在水体近乎混合均匀的上混合层与潮流底边界层之间为强跃层；2、近表层水体的湍流混合强度主要由海表浮力通量的日变化与海表风强迫控制，而在潮流底边界层内，潮混合是水体热量、物质、动量与能量垂直交换的主要机制；3、潮混合影响的深度由潮流大小决定，在黄海，一般可达10-15 m，因此，在水深较深的区域，在跃层与潮混合所至深度范围的上界之间存在湍流混合非常弱的区域，这显著抑制水体内物质的垂直通量，为物质垂直交换的瓶颈，而在水深较浅的区域，潮混合影响范围可至跃层底部，因此物质在跃层以下整个水体中混合非常均匀，当跃层内间歇性强混合发生时，可以产生显著的跨跃层物质输运；4、近底潮致强湍流耗散缓慢地向上传播，底上不同深度处垂直湍扩散系数也具有显著的位相差异，且二者均随时间呈现四分之一周日周期的变化；5、在地形较为平坦的中央海盆区，内波活动非常微弱，因此跃层内湍流混合非常弱，垂直扩散系数为分子扩散水平，跨跃层物质通量受到显著抑制，而在地形变化较为显著的局地陆坡区，内波活动非常活跃，除内潮的影响外，高频内波与内孤立波的影响也很显著，因此跃层内存在很强的间歇性强混合，内孤立波存在的区域，水体湍流混合显著增强。
In medium temperature area, reaction rate is severely affected by internal diffusion and the apparent activation energy is about a half as that of kinetic control area.
中温区为内扩散严重影响区，其表观活化能约为反应动力学控制区活化能的一半；
The activation energy of reaction is 35.9kJ/mol in the kinetic region, but 15.7kJ/mol in the internal diffusion region.
动力学区域的反应活化能为35.9kJ／mol，内扩散区域的活化能为15.7kJ／mol。
Compared with kinetic energy, internal energy is dominant and measure should be taken to avoid parts high temperature at best.
与动能相比，机构内能是主要的，最好应采取措施以防零件温度过高；
We analyze total kinetic energy、total potential energy and internal energy of the system.
并分析了系统总动能、总势能和内能的变化规律。
Dynamic grid motion simulation spool motion. 5、The flow field of steady-state and dynamic simulation results were analyzed to determine the internal flow field, pressure distribution, velocity distribution, turbulent kinetic energy distribution.
运用动网格技术来实现阀芯的运动模拟。5、对流场的稳态和动态模拟结果进行分析，确定内部流场的压力分布、速度分布、湍动能分布，比较稳态和动态的差别。
A theorem on kinetic energy for variable mass-point and formula of work of recoil internal forces are given and the reason of soft-rope query is discussed.
给出变质量质点的动能定理和一对反推内力作功的表达式，并由此给出软绳问题的正确解释。
Characteristics of Kinetic Energy and Momentum of Horizontal Rotary Cavity Flow in Internal Dissipating Tunnel
水平旋转内消能泄水道空腔环流的能动量特性
Galaxies can build stars out of their own internal reservoirs of gas, or by receiving a new injection of gas and kinetic energy when one massive galaxy smashes into another.
星系可以建立自己的星星出来的气体，内部藏或接受新的气体喷射和动能时，一台庞大的星系打碎成另一种。