In general, it is believed that, the impingement angle of particles in the hydraulic machinery is small.
医学 一般而言，大多数人相信在液压的机械装置里粒子的角度影响是很小的。
Then, the method to estimate cavitation erosion characteristic of high pressure piston plunger pump by analyzing impingement angle on outlet of throttling groove is put forward. That is, to hold the impingement angle range of 30°～60°as appraisal criterion of cavitation erosion characteristic on high pressure hydraulic plunger pump.4 The throttling characteristic of hydraulic control valve is studied by CFD calculation and experiment.
最后，提出了一个通过分析节流槽出口处的射流方向来评价高压轴向柱塞空蚀特性的空蚀评价方法，即将节流槽出口的射流角范围30°～60°作为评价高压轴向柱塞泵空蚀特性的标准。4对液压控制阀的节流特性进行了CFD数值计算和试验研究。
Fuel jets injected from multi-hole nozzle impinge on inclined orientation surface and spread along the surface as shape of sectors, by which a quasi-cone shape spray is formed. The spray penetration can be regulated according to the adjustment of impingement angle in design. Impingement spray systems are classified into three kinds according to different orientation surface shapes, which are outer cone-surface, inner cone-surface and multi-piece impingement spray system respectively. Based on the percentage of impinged fuel, the spray is categorized as whole-impingement spray and half-impingement spray.
2利用油束撞壁雾化原理，开发了以多孔油嘴和碰撞导向装置为核心的柴油机近距撞壁准伞状喷雾燃烧系统，即从喷孔喷出的油束以一定夹角撞击设置在油嘴头部周围的导向斜壁，碰撞后的油束沿导向壁面发展并扩散成近似的伞状喷雾分布，喷雾贯穿距可以通过调整油束与导向壁面的撞壁夹角进行设定。
The results indicate that Fuel-air distribution characteristics of impingement spray is largely affected by impingement angle, distance and orientation surface shape. In the condition of short distance, limited impingement area and appropriate impingement angle, spray penetration can be adjusted in a certain extent. The penetration increases as the consequence of smaller impingement angle. Compared with free spray, short distance impingement spray performs with bigger spread angle and width, shorter liquid kernel length, and earlier vaporizations happening. Variation in the percentage of impinged fuel leads to further change of fuel-air distribution characteristics.(2) According to the principle of secondary atomization led by spray impingement, near-wall impingement quasi-conical spray combustion system was developed, in which multi-hole nozzle and impingement orientation part take main roles.
结果表明：撞壁距离、撞壁夹角、碰撞面积等参数对碰撞喷雾的空间分布具有较大影响；在撞壁距离较短、撞壁夹角较小、碰撞面积有限的条件下，在一定范围内通过调整撞壁夹角可实现喷雾贯穿距的设定，随着撞壁夹角的增大喷雾贯穿距减小；与自由喷雾相比，近距撞壁喷雾的雾化时刻提前，液核长度减小，碰撞后喷雾的扩散角、展开宽度增大；另外，通过控制碰撞燃油量比例可实现喷雾空间分布的进一步变化。
The duplex treatment of ZrN gradient film deposited on plasma nitrided 2Crl3 steel surface significantly improved the SPE resistance of the steel at 90 degree impingement angle because of the modified surface layer with gradient hardness distribution, continuous stress profile, high supporting capacity and plastic deformation resistance and multi-impact fatigue resistance.
经离子渗氮层上沉积ZrN梯度层的复合处理后，其硬度由表面至基材呈梯度分布，界面应力分布连续性好，承载能力和抗塑性变形能力高，多冲疲劳性能优，能够显著提高基材抗90°大攻角固体粒子的冲蚀能力。
The reasonable combination of nozzle hole number, impingement angle and valve opening pressure is very important to the new conical spray.
喷孔数、碰撞角度和启喷压力三者的合理配合对第三代伞状喷雾至关重要。
Also as the angle decreases, the maximum pressure coefficient on the impingement surface decreases, the maximum local Nusselt number remains nearly constant, and the average heat transfer rate along the impingement surface decreases.
当倾角减小时，冲击表面压力系数最大值降低，局部Nu最大值没有明显的变化，射流与冲击面之间的平均传热率降低。
The influence of fuel injection parameters including injection angle, injection pressure and injection timing on the spray impingement are also studied.
同时研究了包括喷油角度、喷油压力和喷油提前角的燃油喷射参数对燃油喷射撞壁的影响，通过仿真分析，给出了喷射参数对燃油运动和壁面油膜形成的影响规律。
The low temperature zone in the flow field as well as the locations of the maximum pressure coefficient and the maximum local Nusselt number on the impingement surface all move to the left side of the flow field as the angle decreases.
流场中的低温区以及冲击表面压力系数最大值和局部Nu最大值的位置也都随着倾角的减小而向流场的左侧偏移。
Evidence by direct observations indicates that fatigue cracking always nucleated along various random large-angle GBs due to impingement of persistent slip bands (PSBs) and pile-up of dislocations.
直接的观察证据表明：各种随机大角度晶界的疲劳开裂归因于驻留滑移带对晶界的撞击作用及随后的位错塞积；
The effect of impingement angle on the erosion resistance is great.
冲蚀角对涂层抗冲蚀性能有较大影响。