Integrated analysis of 7 times heavy rain in Yunnan from July 19 to August 2 based on actual observation weather datum and satellite cloud atlas and Doppler radar image. The results show that: high-low southwest jet stream is important effect system. The maintenance of southwest jet stream provides water vapor, momentum, fast transfer of unstable energy for the lasting heavy rain. The further configuration of plateau shear line and southwest jet stream is necessarily condition about 7 times heavy rain. The lasting heavy rain appeared on big value region of 500hPa vapour flux and vapour flux divergence. The shear cloud band and subtropical high cloud band crossed and confluenced in Yunnan on the satellite cloud atlas. The maintenance and intensification of shear cloud hand and periphery cloud band of subtropical high correspond quite well to heavy rain falling region and cloud band distribution.
应用实测气象资料，结合卫星云图与多普勒雷达图像分析，对2007年7月19日到8月2日云南少有的7次强降水过程进行综合分析，结果表明：高低空的西南急流是重要的影响系统，西南急流的维持为持续性强降水过程提供了水汽、动量和不稳定能量的快速传递，高原切变线与西南急流的有利配置，是7次持续性强降水过程必不可少的条件；持续性强降水出现在500hPa水汽通量大值区和水汽通量散度辐合区；卫星云图上切变云带和副高外围云带在云南汇合，切变云带和副高外围云带维持、加强的过程与强降水落区的时空分布对应较好。
The atmospheric circulation background is one of the important factors that influencing precipitation. This study select SLP, 500hPa potential height and 30hPa latitudinal wind, to represent low, middle and high layer of atmospheric circulation variable respectively.
大气环流背景是影响降水的重要因素，本文选择海平面气压、500hPa位势高度和30hPa纬向风三个气候变量分别代表低、中、高层大气环流背景。
The 2-oxo-4-phenylbutanate was prepared from ethyl 3-phenylpropionate firstly, and orthogonal experimental design was used to optimize the reaction conditions as follows: molar ratio of ethyl 3-phenylpropionate to diethyl oxalate was 1:3, condensation reaction time was 2.5 h, concentration of H2SO4 was 20%, hydrolysis reaction time was 15 h, and the yield of L-HPA was 68.24% under the optimized conditions.
以苯丙酸乙酯为原料，通过正交设计优化2-氧－4-苯基丁酸盐的制备条件：苯丙酸乙酯与草酸二乙酯摩尔比为1：3，缩合反应时间为2.5 h，H2SO4质量分数为20%，水解反应时间为15 h，优化条件下2-氧－4-苯基丁酸盐的产率为68.24%。
The maximum is about 400 hPa in a 3 km distance from the center toward the south.
最大值在离开此中心向南3公里处的400百帕左右高度上 101。
The configure of heavy-hard rainfall at high and low level which causes by cold front isn't obvious, however, the strong vorticity gradient and θse unstable stratification could be found in the low level, and the heavy-hard rainfall occurred in the warm tongue in the low level. The centers of strong local helicity at 600hPa to 500hPa are corresponding to the center of rainstorm and could offer a gist for the rainstorm forecast.
冷锋云系造成的大到暴雨高、低空的配置不明显，但低层也会出现强的正涡度梯度和θse的不稳定层结，在低层的暖舌中出现暴雨。600～500hPa的强局地螺旋度中心与暴雨中心的局地强降水相对应，对预报有一定的指示意义。
Compared with ozonesonde observations at Hohenpeissenberg in Germany and Nyalesund in Norway, seasonal cycles of ozone concentrations at 300hPa, 500hPa and 800hPa can also be fairly reproduced, especially at 300hPa.
另外，该模式系统也能够基本上反映该地区对流层臭氧浓度的季节变化和纬度变化特征，对德国Hohenpeissenberg站点和挪威Nyalesund站点对流层上层臭氧浓度的模拟结果更接近于观测值。
The result showed that the strong storm followed by mesoscale squall line was primary cause of strong sandstorm producing, steps and ladders short wave trough of 500 hPa was great criterion triggering system for the mesoscale squall line producing, the essential dynamic condition was provided by distortion field and the mesoscale low pressure of 700 hPa for the strong sandstorm forming and maintaining in mid-west of Hexi Corridor, the deep vertical circulation development condition was basic power that urged squall line to occur and sand dust to curl up, which was provided for the deep convection development by superimposition of lifting movement before ground cold front and ascendant current of secondary circulation in upper air jet entrance region, temperature and the barometric gradient around the cold front was enlarged by enhancement of ground thermal low and temperature diurnalvariation of afternoon, by which essential thermal energy unstable condition was provided for the gale and strong sandstorm eruption, the strong sandstorm appeared in downstream of -200 m^2s^(-2) center of vertical helicity, the vertical helicity had good instruction significance for development of squall line and landing region of sandstorm, the mesoscale squall line occurred in unstable stratification, basic condition of potential energy transforming as kinetic energy was provided by strong unstable stratification for the strong sandstorm forming and developing.
结果表明：中尺度飑线所伴随的强风暴是产生强沙尘暴的主要原因；500 hPa阶梯短波槽是中尺度飑线产生的大尺度触发系统，河西走廊中西部700 hp变形场、中尺度低压为强沙尘暴形成和维持提供了必要的动力条件；地面冷锋前上升运动与高空急流入口区次级环流的上升气流的叠加，为深对流发展提供了深厚的垂直环流发展条件，是促使飑线发生和沙尘卷起的基本动力；地面热低压的加强和午后气温的日变化加大了冷锋前后的温度和气压梯度，为大风、强沙尘暴爆发提供了必要的热力不稳定条件；强沙尘暴出现在垂直螺旋度为－200平方公尺/s^2中心的下游，垂直螺旋度对飑线的发展和沙尘暴的落区具有较好的指示意义；中尺度飑线发生在不稳定层结内，较强的不稳定层结为强沙尘暴形成、发展提供了位能转化为动能的基本条件。
The au- thors analyse the different respondences of mean circulation of spring and summer to snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau and Eurasia in winter, and study the causes of the different correlation between these two snow covers and precipitation in summer of China.
通过冬季积雪与北半球500hPa高度场的相关分析，从春季和夏季平均环流场对前期冬季高原积雪和欧亚积雪异常的不同响应，来探讨冬季高原积雪和欧亚积雪与我国夏季降水不同相关关系的原因，也为积雪因子在我国汛期旱涝预测中的应用提供一定的物理基础。
The main relative systems of heavy-hard rainfall in northeast plateau are Western Pacific Subtropical High, South Asia High, Low Latitude Systems, Upper Level Jet, Low Level Greater Wind Speed Axes, Westerly Trough and Plateau Trough, Low Level Vortex, Cold Frontal, Occluded Front in Qinghai Lake, Mesoscale Low Pressure, Heat Low-Pressure in Qinghai, shear line and convergence line, mesoscale cloud cluster, etc.
西太平洋副高、南亚高压、低纬系统、高空急流、低空大风速轴；西风槽和高原槽、低涡、冷锋、青海湖锢囚锋以及中尺度低压、青海热低压、切变线与辐合线、中尺度云团等系统是高原东北部地区大到暴雨的主要相关系统。100hPa上的南亚高压中心强度加强，位置东西摆动预示高原地区将有降水产生，中心强度减弱，降水过程结束。
In addition, in the austral winter, the westerly jet splits into two branches over the South Pacific from 600 to 100hPa, with the subtropical branch located at 27.5°S and the polar counterpart at 60°S.
另外还分析了南半球副热带高压低频振荡的纬向传播，指出马斯克林高压对澳大利亚高压的影响主要通过准双周低频振荡的东传得以实现。
The water vapor transported by southwest windstream is difficult to north China north from 30°N because of the weakening of movement of southwest monsoon and southeast wind of western Pacific subtropical high.
在850hPa层上，东亚中纬度的西南季风和副热带高压南部的偏东风、西北部的西南风异常减弱，使得西南气流输送水汽很难到达30°N以北的地区，而副热带高压西部外围偏东南、偏南气流输送到华北地区的水汽也大量减少，水汽不足造成华北夏季降水偏少。
The results in this paper also show that the typical meiyu front consists of a narrow band with high gradient of equivalent potential temperature below 500 hPa, south of which is warm and moist air mass, and north of which is the indifferent air mass from the mid-latitude ocean or the polar continent. Below the mid troposphere, south of the front blows southwest wind, and north of the front the easterly. The ascending motion and precipitation usually occur ahead of the meiyu front. In the upper troposphere, the subtropical front is above the meiyu front, but they are not connected. In addition, the upper westerly jet and the easterly to the south of the meiyu front consist of the upper divergent flow field.
对典型梅雨锋结构进行综合分析表明梅雨锋对流层中下层锋面由强假相当位温水平梯度形成；梅雨锋南侧为暖湿气团、北侧为变性气团；梅雨锋南面为西南季风、北面为偏东气流；梅雨锋的上升运动和强降水主要发生在梅雨锋的前沿；梅雨锋上方对流层上半部存在与副热带高空急流相配合的高空副热带锋；对流层上部的高空热带东风与副热带高空西风急流构成了梅雨锋降水的高空辐散流场。
By international agreement pressure is now expressed in hPa`s.
根据国际协议，气压现在用百帕为单位表示。
The 250 hPa and 950 hPa wind fields….
250百帕风场和950百帕风场。。。。。。。
Plot of V'at 700 hPa for the period 1-31 January 1980, averaged from 45°N to 55°N.
年 1 月 1 日—31 日 700 百帕面上，45—55°N 范围内 V'的平均时间剖面图。
SEVERE TROPICAL STORM 9302 KORYN 985HPA AT 11.0N 136.6E MOVING WNW 12KTS MAX WINDS 50KTS NEAR CENTER.
强热带风暴，9302，台风名：KORYN；985HPA；台风位置：11.0N 136.6E，正以12节的速度向西北偏西方向移动，近中心最大风速50节。
In the lower level of the troposphere, the center of the cross-equatorial flows is located at 925hPa other than 850hPa while it is at 150hPa instead of 200hPa in the upper level. The CEFs in the Eastern Hemisphere show monsoonal features while they are characterized by the trade wind in the Western Hemisphere.
低层的索马里和南海越赤道气流对南海夏季风的爆发有至关重要的作用，在南海夏季风爆发前2候，索马里急流有一次迅速的增强，这一增强有利于加速孟加拉湾地区西风的向东扩展，并使控制在南海的西太平洋副高东撤；同时，南海越赤道气流的迅速增强也加速副高的北上，共同促使南海夏季风全面爆发。
The sensitive methylation type of Msp I is mCCGG. The more the methylation of p16 promoter region, the more Hpa II and Msp I can not digest the DNA, and the more PCR amplification can produce product.
酶切位点甲基化程度越重，酶切开的越少，PCR扩增产物的量则越多，核酸酶切位点甲基化状态与PCR产物的量成正比。
3Based on the DNA sequence of S2-SLG gene, The DNA fragments amplified withprimer pair EG, EP and EH possess 0, 1 and 4 RE site of Msp I and Hpa Ⅱ respectively.
3在设计引物时，以S2-SLG基因DNA序列为标准，使EG引物对扩增区内无Msp I和Hpa Ⅱ两种酶的切点，使EP引物对扩增区内只有一个该两种酶的切点，使EH引物对扩增区内有4个该两种酶的切点。
To weigh their weight and calculate the rate of tumor suppression of QLYGJ; to evaluated the difference of p16 expression between NS group and QLYGJ group using immunohistochemical analysis and dot blotting; to observed the difference of methylation status of p16 prometor region between NS group and QLYGJ group by digesting the genome DNA of each tumor with restriction endonuclease Hpa II and Msp I that are sensitive to methylation and PCR amplification of p16 promoter region, in that there is a digesting point of Hpa II and Msp I.
计算抑瘤率；用免疫组织化学染色和点杂交的方法检测NS组和QLYGJ组p16蛋白表达差异；因p16启动子区域CpG岛内含有一个甲基化敏感性限制性内切酶HPaH和、七pl的酶切位点，分别用上述两种酶对基因组DNA进行酶切后，设计特异性引物进行PCR扩增，便可以检测待测标本的甲基化程度。