The diffusion of mass or heat across two phases is extensively involved in chemical processes. Because of the effect of this kind of diffusion, there will be a inhomogeneous distribution of material concentration and then a gradient of interfacial tension will be occured on the interface of the two phases. When the gradient tends to a certain value, the natural convection would be induced derivatively, and orderly convective cells would appear in the system simultaneously. This is the so-called Marangoni phenomenon.
在化工过程中，广泛涉及到两相间的质量或热量扩散，由于这种扩散的作用，将在相界面处产生物质浓度的不均匀分布，从而出现界面张力梯度，这种梯度达到一定值以后，将出现派生的自然对流运动，并且在系统中呈现有序的对流胞结构，这就是所谓的Marangoni现象。
This diffusivity equation has been used to model the different ideal condition drying process, analyze the influence of internal temperature field on internal moisture diffusion. Further studying shows that: on some condition, there may be exist the fastest drying process, to a certain extent, which illustrates the direction and the potential of optimizing heat and mass transfer.
最后应用模型进行了不同理想工况下物料干燥过程的模拟计算，分析了物料内部温度场对水分扩散的影响，进一步研究表明：物料在一定条件下有一个最快干燥过程存在，这在一定程度上说明了优化传热传质的方向与潜力。
For explosives with high heat conductivity, surface temperature by calculation is higher.(2) The improved SCB chip with doped silicon may satisfy the conditions of igniting by low voltage. SCB chips by the doped process with oxygen-free silicon diffusion may keep resistance stable and consistent, and impurity concentration gradient helps to decreasing the ignition energy of SCB igniting device.
2采用改进的掺杂多晶硅结构的SCB芯片，能满足低电压点火要求；采用无氧的多晶硅扩散掺杂工艺制作SCB芯片能保持电阻稳定一致，能满足阻值要求，而且这种扩散工艺导致芯片杂质浓度的梯度正好有利于SCB点火装置发火能的降低。
The surface diffusion rate is restricted by surface reaction. After the high temperature and/or long holding time of heat treatment, the surface of PHT powder is cleaned through surface reaction.
表面扩散速度是与表面反应相联系的，高温及长时热处理后，表面反应使表面变得清洁，扩散速度增大，析出相粗化速度也加快。
The diffusion theory is applied to analyze the heat and mass transfer in the drying process.
应用扩散理论对空心桨叶干燥机的传热传质过程进行了理论分析。
The results show that there is no long distance diffusion of high chromium alloy powder in the flux-cored wires under the effect of molten heat, thise powders was sintered into the high chromium cast iron dense bars.
结果表明：药芯焊丝中的高铬合金粉末，在高锰钢熔体热的影响下，没有远距离扩散，而是烧结成致密的高铬铸铁棒。
The healing of hydrogeninduced cracks was closely related to heat diffusion of Fe and C atoms.
Fe和C在γ-Fe中的快速扩散是碳钢中氢蚀裂纹愈合的必要条件。
The diffusion of heat upward to the Earth`s surface, the temperature within the Earth remains constant.
参考译文：尽管向地球表面有热传递，地球内部的温度一直保持恒定。
Based on the consideration of the heat transfer and mass transfer phenomenon in TWC, the one-dimension single-channel and three-dimension multi-channel model of the monolith are established. Based on the analysis of gas-solid multiphase catalytic reaction, the chemical reaction model is established. When the reaction is controlled by the chemical dynamic, the reaction rate is introduced by consideration of the adsorption and desorption effects. When the reaction is controlled by mass transfer, the diffusion coefficient is established which can present the flow rate increases in small Reynolds domain; for the internal diffusion, the internal diffusion coefficient is derived, and then the internal diffusion is coupled with chemical reaction to represent the phenomenon that the diffusion and the chemical reaction occur cocurrently.
本文在考虑催化转化器载体内发生的传热传质现象的基础上，建立了催化转化器的一维单孔道和三维多孔道传热传质模型；在分析载体内以气-固多相催化反应为特点的工作机理的基础上，建立了催化转化器的化学反应模型：当催化转化处于化学动力学控制区时，引入了考虑吸附、表面反应和脱附的表面化学反应速率公式，当催化转化处于质量输运控制区时，引入了决定外扩散能力的扩散系数公式和和决定内扩散速率的内扩散系数公式，并与化学反应速率相耦合，得出由扩散过程决定的化学反应速率公式。
In this paper, through reseach on construction plans and technologies in practices, two modes of tunnel ventilation are presented, one being the preheating ventilation systerm and the other being the common ventilation systerm together with the shouldered type oxygen-supply adopted in the Kunlunshan Tunnel and the diffusion-type oxygen-supply adopted in the Fenghuoshan Tunnel. Wet-shotcrete supporting, tunnel lining and construction of waterproof heat-insulation layers are introduced. Engineering indexes are also provided. The research results have reference value to construction of similar tunnels.
本文通过对高原多年冻土隧道施工方案及施工技术的实践研究，提出在施工过程中为保持洞内气温而采用两种送风方式：加温预热通风系统和普通通风系统，以及昆仑山隧道采用的背负式供氧技术、风火山隧道采用的洞内弥漫式施工供氧技术的方案，并且介绍了湿喷混凝土支护和模筑衬砌混凝土施工技术以及防水隔热层施工的关键施工工艺，给出了施工过程中的各项工程技术指标，对同类隧道施工具有借鉴作用。
Many natural phenomena and physical laws can be described by time dependent nonlinear differential equations, such as heat conduction equation, sound wave and elastic wave equation, reaction diffusion and convection diffusion equation, fluid and aerodynamics equations, etc.
大多数的自然现象与物理规律都可归结为与时间相关的非线性偏微分方程，诸如热传导方程、声波与弹性波方程、反应扩散与对流扩散方程、流体与气体力学方程组等发展方程。
In addition to momentum, both heat and mass can be transferred either by molecular diffusion alone or by molecular diffusion combined with eddy diffusion. because the effects of eddy diffusion are generally far greater than those of the molecular diffusion, is occurring.
因为逆流散布的效果是通常远比棒的那分子散布的那些，正在发生||因为逆流散布的效果是通常远比棒的那分子散布的那些，正在发生。
As in fig 2 and fig 3. That way the heat diffusion of the entire ducting is reduced and on the other hand, temperature inside the terminal box is also reduced. That is why medium and high temperature heaters need a mounting frame to be set on the ducting as in fig 4.for their installation.
如下图2、图3，一方面减少整个通道的对外散热，另一方面也减少了接线腔内的温度，因此中、高温通道加热器的安装，必须在通道上先设置安装框（如图4）。
The preparation mechanism of the product was explored through the formation of primary nuclei, the processing of autocatalytic reaction, the low atomic diffusion rate, low heat fluctuation and the spatial isotropy in reaction solution.
从初核的形成、自催化反应的持续、低温下原子的低扩散率和热涨落以及反应溶液中空间各向同性等角度对低温法形成均匀球状Ni-P纳米金属玻璃的机制进行了探讨。
The structure formed is FeNi〓and γ after diffusion. Owing to diffusion, the Ni distribution across the layer is gradient after heat-treatment at 600℃ for 1h.
扩散后形成了FeNi〓相以及γ相，镀层经600℃×1h的热处理后，由于扩散的影响，在镀层内部Ni含量呈现梯度分布。
The technological parameter of surface composite diffusion coating or brazing included working air pressure, glow voltage, arc electric current, diffusion coating time, distance between composite target and work piece, brazing temperature and heat preservation time, which had influence over surface alloying and brazing.
陶瓷或金属表面复合渗镀的以及钎焊的工艺参数，如工作气压、辉光电压、电弧电流、渗镀时间、复合靶与工件之间的距离、焊接温度和保温时间等，对表面合金化和钎焊造成影响。
A numerical simulation method is used to investigate the cooling and humidifying effects of wetlands. A mixture model was adopted to simulate the flow and diffusion of air and moisture, which describes the process of heat and mass transfer.
采用数值模拟方法研究湿地对周边区域空气的降温增湿效应，建立了空气、水气的流动与扩散混合模型，描述给定空间的传热传质过程。
Their constitutive equations are obtained; 3 There are interactions among different orientation twins if deformation temperature is low, and cracks are induced which propagate along twin boundary. The titanium burning behavior was examined by DCSB method. The burning products and the burn-affected zone were examined by OM, SEM and X-ray diffractiometer. The studying results indicate that: 1 Ti40 alloy reveals good burn resistance, while both C. P. Ti and Ti-6-4 burn fast under the same ignition conditions; 2 Ti oxides, i. e. TiO, TiO〓 and Ti〓O〓, are the main products after C. P. Ti burn in the air. There are Al and V oxides besides Ti oxides after Ti-6-4 burn. The burning products of the binary Ti-Cr alloys are TiO〓, TiO and TiCrO〓; V oxides, i. e. VO and V〓O besides Ti oxides are produced after Ti40 does in the air, however, Cr oxides are not found; 3 Compared with C. P. Ti and Ti-6-4 alloy, the interface between burning products and matrix for Ti40 is tenacious, which is Cr-rich layer. This layer can retard the oxygen diffusion into the matrix, and reduce the burning velocity obviously. The key factor influencing burn is the tenacity of the burning products; 4 Effects of alloying elemental V on the burning velocity are not obvious. Cr content in binary Ti-Cr alloys increases (＞10%), the burning speed reduces, but binary Ti-Cr alloys do not possess burn resistance; 5 Titanium alloys can burn continuously among the oxygen-rich atmosphere. Their burning speed decreases with increasing the ratio of N〓 to O〓 and/or Ar to O〓. 6 The five burn stages and burning model are proposed, the burn resistant model is put forward, and two burn resistant mechanisms are proposed, i. e. fast dispersion heat mechanism and suspend oxygen diffusion mechanism. 7 Ti40 reveals good burn resistant behavior because of its low melting point, high thermal conductivity, tenacity of oxidation layer and so on.
利用直流电弧激发燃烧新实验方法，采用金相、SEM和X射线衍射仪等手段研究钛的燃烧行为，结果表明：1）Ti40合金具有优于纯钛和TC4的阻燃性能；2）纯Ti在空气中燃烧的主要产物是Ti的氧化物（TiO，TiO〓和Ti〓O〓）；TC4合金除有Ti的氧化物外还有Al和V的氧化物；Ti-Cr合金的燃烧产物中，除了存在Ti的氧化物外，还存在TiCrO〓的化合物；Ti40除有Ti的氧化物外还有V的氧化物，但不存在合金元素Cr的氧化物；3）与对比材料纯Ti和TC4合金相比，Ti40合金的燃烧产物与基体的界面较致密，为富Cr的氧化层，可阻碍氧向基体内扩散，使合金的燃烧速度明显降低；燃烧产物的致密性对阻燃至关重要；4）在本试验范围内，V含量的变化（25%～35%）对合金的燃烧速度没有明显影响；在Ti-Cr二元合金中，Cr含量升高燃烧速度降低，但Ti-Cr二元合金并不具有阻燃性能；5）钛合金在富氧环境中可持续燃烧，N〓/O〓流量比或Ar/O〓流量比升高，钛合金的燃烧速度降低；若钛合金燃烧，可用Ar气或N〓气灭火，N〓气效果更好；6）根据以上试验结果提出了钛合金燃烧过程的五个阶段和燃烧模型；建立了阻燃的物理模型；提出阻燃钛合金的快速散热和中断氧输送阻燃机理；7）Ti40合金具有良好的阻燃性能是因其熔点低、热导率高、氧化层致密等因素综合作用的结果。
The theoretical model of heat and moisture transfer in microclimate and the emulation software established by the author are used to imitate and analyse the heat conduction, convection, radiation and mass diffusion in a body-miroclimate-clothing system.
利用作者所建立的微小气候热湿传递理论模型，对人体表面、微小气候及服装间发生的导热、对流、辐射和质扩散等现象，利用Matlab语言编制的仿真软件进行了动态仿真。
This paper discusses the source of heat for spot welding and the theory of diffusion welding of brass and red copper.
探讨了点焊热量的来源和黄铜与紫铜的扩散焊机理。