ANSYS software was used to analyze the frame structure to check structural members in the alternate path structure, i. e. the structure after removal of a single column, and 3D finite element model was built up by using element Beam 188 and Shell63with the method of killing element s to tackle the colume.
利用有限元软件 ANSYS 用对框架结构进行分析，采用 Beam188 和 Shell63 单元建立三维框架结构有限元模型，生死单元法杀死失效的柱，评估结构在移除一根关键柱后是否具有防止连续性倒塌的能力。
Based on the available references, the five-spring line element, the three-spring line element and the multiple vertical-line-element model are introduced to model special column, beam and shear-wall, the relevant stiffness matrixes are deduced and the restoring-force models are gaven to deep into the elasto-plastic seismic characteristics of the structure. Acording to the results of shaking table test and elastic finite element analysis, a new making model method is presented in which uses the linear and the nonlinear element and the assumption that the floor is infinitely rigid in different areas. This method can satisfactorily save much computer time in elasto-plastic analysis. Based on this method, a 3D nonlinear analysis model was made by using ANASYS finite element program.
为进一步研究这种复杂高层建筑结构的弹塑性性能，本文在国内外现有研究的基础上，提出利用五弹簧杆元、三弹簧杆元及多竖线单元模型分别模拟空间柱、梁和剪力墙，推导了相应的刚度矩阵并给出了恢复力模型；结合试验研究和精细有限元分析的结论，提出线性和非线性单元相结合，刚性楼板假定和弹性楼板相结合的建模方法，较好地解决了空间结构弹塑性分析中占用计算机资源较多的问题；接力大型有限元分析程序——ANSYS，在上述建模思路的指导下建立了结构的空间非线性分析模型，进行了空间三维弹塑性时程分析。
Based on the available references, the five-spring line element, the three-spring line element and the multiplevertical-line-element model are introduced to model special column, beam and shear-wall, the relevant stiffness matrixes are deduced and the restoring-force models are gaven to deep into the elasto-plastic seismic characteristics of the structure. Acording to the results of shaking table test and elastic finite element analysis, a new making model melhod is presented in which uses the linear and the nonlinear element and the assumption that the floor is infinitely rigid in different areas. This method can satisfactorily save much computer time in elasto-plastic analysis. Based on this method, a 3D nonlinear analysis model was made by using ANASYS finite element program.
为进一步研究这种复杂高层建筑结构的弹塑性性能，本文在国内外现有研究的基础上，提出利用五弹簧杆元、三弹簧杆元及多竖线单元模型分别模拟空间柱、梁和剪力墙，推导了相应的刚度矩阵并给出了恢复力模型；结合试验研究和精细有限元分析的结论，提出线性和非线性单元相结合，刚性楼板假定和弹性楼板相结合的建模方法，较好地解决了空间结构弹塑性分析中占用计算机资源较多的问题；接力大型有限元分析程序——ANSYS，在上述建模思路的指导下建立了结构的空间非线性分析模型，进行了空间三维弹塑性时程分析。
Based on the analysis for the dynamic characteristics of semi-rigid steel frames with simple or multiple degree-of-freedoms, effects of rotation stiffness of beam-to-column connections on the structure period, frequency, critical damping and mode of vibration are discussed.
通过对单自由度体系和多自由度体系半刚接钢框架的动力特征分析，初步探讨了梁柱连接转动刚度对结构自振周期、频率、临界阻尼以及振型等参数的影响。
In this paper, the bearing capacity of the column-beam joints poured with thesame strength concrete as beams and slabs of a construction in Chongqing is checked, so the feasibility of column-beam joints poured with the same strength as beams andslabs is discussed. And six column-beam joint specimens are tested which is subjectedto cyclic loading. Based on measurement of strains of both horizontal stirrups in thejoint core and longitudinal reinforcement passing through the joint, and the research ofthe specimens` ductility, energy-dissipation capacity and bond deterioration ofreinforcement passing through the joint, the influence of the column-beam joints pouredwith the same strength concrete as beams and slabs on the seismic performance of thespecimens was investigated.
本文对重庆市某实际工程的梁柱节点在采用梁板混凝土浇注后的承载力进行了验算，以考查这一施工方法在低烈度区应用的可行性；同时设计并完成了 3 组共 6 个钢筋混凝土空间框架节点的低周反复加载对比试验，通过量测各试件节点区水平箍筋以及贯穿节点的梁、柱纵筋在不同受力阶段的应变等，对比分析各组试件延性、耗能性及梁柱纵筋的粘结退化状况，考查了节点核芯区采用梁板混凝土浇注后对试件抗震性能的影响。
Based on measurement of strains of both horizontal stirrups in the joint core and longitudinal reinforcement passing through the joint, and the research of the specimens ductility, energy-dissipation capacity and bond deterioration of reinforcement passing through the joint, the influence of the column-beam joints poured with the same strength concrete as beams on the integrated seismic performance of the specimens is investigated. As following conclusions have been got:① It is feasible that the column-beam joints poured with the same strength concrete as beams.
本次试验表明，若需将位移延性保持在4.0的水准上，建议当剪压比超过0.34之后，节点区不宜采用梁混凝土强度等级浇筑；④对于高轴压比、高剪压比共同作用下试件，试验证明：1 此类试件节点核心区及上、下柱距梁边缘约500范围内损伤严重； 2 提高节点核心区配箍率对此类组合体耗能性的提高有一定的积极作用，但这种作用是有限的；⑤梁筋贯穿段粘结特征对此类节点的综合抗震性能有较为明显的影响。
The pavilion is very pretty with cute roof and thin beam-column. It is unmatched amusement to listen music from water-center pavilion in the soft wind.
隔水聆听由水榭传来的管弦之乐，轻风柔柔，丝乐缈缈，简直是神仙洞府也难以比拟的人间乐趣。
An output beam of the laser diode linear array or column array enters the rod-like laser gain medium directly or through the coupling system; the rod-like laser gain medium is cooled by the thermal precipitator through conduction and has no contact with optical elements; the thermal precipitator can carry out cooling by adopting water cooling, semiconductor coolers or air cooling, etc.
激光二极管线阵或列阵的输出光束直接或经耦合系统后，进入棒状激光增益介质，棒状激光增益介质由热沉通过传导进行冷却而不接触光学元件，热沉可采用水冷、半导体致冷器或风冷等进行冷却。
We have a few years the production of galvanized and plastic wave beam guardrail, Lizhu deter block, column caps and bolts, accessories and other products sold to the ancient king of Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, called sets, Beijing-Shijiazhuang, Hebei, Henan Zhang, Northeast Shen large, Jinan, Shandong, Anhui Hefei-Xuzhou, Jiangsu Lian Xu, Nanjing beltway, Zhejiang Yongtaiwen, Hubei Xiang Jing, Hunan Hengyang-Zaomupu, Guangxi Xing six, Yunnan Kunming and Chongqing Shi, Chongqing and Guizhou, and long multi-million highway.
先后几年我们生产的镀锌和喷塑波形梁护栏、立柱、防阻块、柱帽及螺栓配件等系列产品销往到宁夏古王、内蒙古呼集、河北京石、河南郑少、东北沉大、山东济南、安徽合徐、江苏连徐、南京绕城、浙江甬台温、湖北襄荆、湖南衡枣、广西兴六、云南昆石以及重庆渝黔、万长等多条高速公路。
The structural language is structural elements simplified out refined from the building and other specialized drawings of structural engineer, including foundation, wall, column, roof beam, board, stair, full-page proof detail picture, etc..
结构语言就是结构师从建筑及其它专业图纸中所提炼简化出来的结构元素，包括基础、墙、柱、梁、板、楼梯、大样细部图等等。
The structural language is structural elements simplified out refined from the building and other specialized drawings of structural engineer, including foundation, wall, column, roof beam, board, stair, full-page proof detail picture, etc Then come to form the structural systems of the building or structures with these structural elements, including verticality and bearing and resist strength system of level, and then various load that situation produce in a most succinct way from transmission to foundation.
结构语言就是结构师从建筑及其它专业图纸中所提炼简化出来的结构元素，包括基础、墙、柱、梁、板、楼梯、大样细部图等等。
It is recommended to take corresponding measures to consider the adverse effects of beam-to-column semi-rigid connecting in the design.
建议在设计中采取相应措施，考虑梁柱连接半刚性的不利影响。
The main work done in this paper is as follows:Based on the characteristics of temperature distribution on high-rise building, how to define the temperature cases is discussed given; (2)With calculating and analyzing the temperature effects of three temperature cases for shear wall structure, distribution regularity of temperature deformation and temperature stress in the structure in shear wall and the slabs are obtained; (3)With studying the mechanism and the regularity of temperature cracks of three temperature cases in frame-shear wall structure, the distribution regularity of temperature stress of the structure beam column and slab is obtained; (4)The susceptibility of kinds of possible influencing factors is analyzed and the methods to control crack of shear wall structure are summed up.
本文主要进行了以下几项工作：(1)从高层建筑中温度作用的特点出发，讨论了温度荷载的取值及温度工况的设计；(2)研究设定三种工况下温度对小开口整体剪力墙、框支剪力墙的影响，得出结构整体与剪力墙、楼板等构件的温度变形与温度应力分布规律；(3)探讨了在同样温度工况下框架—剪力墙结构的裂缝机理，给出结构的梁、柱、楼板、剪力墙的应力分布规律；(4)最后，对影响结构温度效应的各种因素做了敏感性分析，提出了控制剪力墙类结构温度裂缝的措施，供设计参考。
The dynamic property of structure is studied, and the influence on structure lateral displacement when the outer frame is in different joint form, beam type and column space is emphatically discussed.
研究了该结构体系的动力特性，并集中讨论了框架形式改变对其影响。
Test results indicated that the failure mechanism of the structures was ductile with column bending failure, and the displacement ductility factor was larger than 3.5; when drift angle arrived at 1/25 the structures still held enough carrying capacity; the beam-to-columns connections worked well without visible damage; the floor slab-to-beam connections being destroyed at first may be attributive to the weakness of this sort of structures.
试验表明：此类结构的破坏模式为柱底弯曲破坏，属延性破坏，位移延性系数达3.5以上；试件层间位移角达到1/25时承载力无明显下降，滞回曲线仍较饱满，试验结束后试件无过大残余变形，此类结构具有较好的抗震能力；采用橡胶垫螺栓连接的装配式梁柱节点在试验中工作良好，无明显破坏；屋面板与屋面梁的焊接连接在试验中最先破坏，易导致屋面板塌落，是此类结构抗震的薄弱环节，建议设计时进行加强或采用柔性连接。
Average type beam drill is composed of base, inside and outside column, rocker arm, main spindle box and job.
普通型摇臂钻床由底座、内外立柱、摇臂、主轴箱及工作组成。
Additionally, when structural members do not exist on the column centerline (as may be observed in photo 4-1), one solution is to use web stiffeners on the overhanging beam web in combination with an adequately connected bearing plateon top of the column.
另外，当结构的构件不在柱子的中心线时（参阅照片4-1），一种解决的方法是在悬梁腹板使用加劲肋，再在柱子顶部以承载板适度地连接。
The beam-column joint strengthened by plate rings is the most mature and widely used steel joint.
针对钢结构设计的难点―特殊的不规则布置梁柱连接节点的设计进行了研究。
Steel beam-column joint connection strengthened by plate ring is widely used.
加强环式节点是常见的钢结构梁柱节点连接形式之一。
Using the numerical program RCSSCF for the reinforced concrete column based on the conjugate beam method, the influence of various parameters on the fire resistance performances of T-shaped columns subjected to the ISO 834 standard fire with typical fire exposure cases is investigated, such as axial load ratio, effective length, sectional dimension, load eccentricity ratio, reinforcement ratio and load angle.
利用高温下钢筋混凝土柱基于虚梁法的数值模拟程序RCSSCF，分析轴压比、计算长度、截面尺寸、荷载偏心率、配筋率和荷载角等参数对ISO 834标准升温过程下典型受火方式钢筋混凝土T形柱耐火性能的影响规律。