On the basis of analyzing regional structure and evolution characteristics, It is considered that undergoing 3 evolutions of Eocene-Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene exploration, Burma central basin Formed in Tertiary and can be divided into 2 secondary grade structural units, i. e. western deep depression and eastern shallow depression, and 11 third grade structural units, such as Irrawaddy sag, Prome sag, Salin sag, Chindwin sag, Hukawng sag, Putao sag, Shwebo sag, Inlelake sag, Salween sag, Sittang sag and Pegu upwarping.
基於对区域构造特徵和演化的分析，认为缅甸中央盆地形成於第三纪，经历了始新世－渐新世、中新世和上新世三期构造演化，可划分为西部深坳区和东部浅坳区2个二级构造单元及Irrawaddy凹陷、Prome凹陷、Salin凹陷、Chindwin凹陷、Hukawng凹陷、Putao凹陷、Shwebo凹陷、Inlelake凹陷、Salween凹陷、Sittang凹陷、Pegu凸起等11个三级构造单元。
Preliminary results show that fossil mammal communities in North China are rather stable and uniform from the end of Middle Miocene till the latest Miocene (ca. 13 Ma to 7 ～ 8 Ma). The differentiation of a humid and closed fauna in the east, a dry and open fauna in the west during the latest Miocene might be closely related with intensification of the East Asian summer monsoon. Fossil mammal dispersal evidences from Tibet and adjacent areas suggest the formation of a geologic barrier due to uplift of the Tibet Plateau that might also be the cause of intensification of the East Asian summer monsoon. The Pliocene faunas from North China show strong adaptation to open and dry environments. The diversification and dominance of some lineages, such as siphneids and ochotonids, may well be explained by the climatic vibration during the late Pliocene.
结果表明，自中中新世晚期至晚中新世(约13 Ma至7～8 Ma)，中国北方哺乳动物群落组成上没有明显的分异；而在其后的晚中新世晚期发生了较为明显的区域性分化，分化为东部地区以适应潮湿的较为封闭的动物群落与西部地区适应干旱的开阔环境的群落，这种分异可能与东亚夏季风的加强密切相关；青藏高原及其周边地区化石类群的扩散与交流资料也表明由青藏高原隆升而形成的地理阻隔也可能发生在该时期；上新世哺乳动物群落演化表现出对于持续的干旱化气候背景的适应，而晚上新世某些类群的分异与主导地位的确立与该时期气候环境背景的剧烈震荡相一致。
Judging from the shape and colour, the sporepollen group is likely attributed to Neogene or Pliocene in age.
4对土壤和冰碛物进行孢粉分析，其中含量最高的种属为松属和桦属等，根据孢粉的形态和种属，孢粉产出的年代可能是在上新世。
A type of fan-delta that an alluvial fan progrades into a lake is found in the pliocene Atushi Formation in the Southwest Depression, Tarim Basin.
塔里木盆地西南坳陷上新统阿图什组中发育一套冲积扇进积到内陆湖泊中而形成的扇三角洲沉积体。
The research shows that in the Yinggehai basin, the formation of CO_(2) reservoir which is crust-sourced and crust-mental-mixed-sourced, mainly controlled by local action of hot fluid in the mud diapir area which is multi terms and multi zones and by physical-chemical mechanism of very thick marine calcareous sandstone and mudstone of Pliocene-Miocene. The volcano- and mantle-sourced CO_(2) in the Qiongdongnan basin and Pearl River Mouth basin is mainly controlled by volcanos activities and by the exist of large faults which reached to base to connect the gas from the mantle. According to different mechanism ang formation of reservoir os the the crustal rock-chemical genesis and volcano-and mantle-sourced CO_(2), we can follow the source of it, analysis and predict the migration and accumulation and distribution model of gas and espacially CO_(2), so as to help to make the plan of petroleum exploration and reduce the risk of exploration.
认为：莺歌海盆地壳源型及壳幔混合型CO2的形成及富集成藏，主要受控于泥底辟热流体晚期分层、分块和多期的局部上侵活动，和巨厚的上新统—中新统海相含钙砂泥岩的物理化学综合作用，且CO2运聚分布规律亦具多期和分层、分区的特点；琼东南盆地东部及珠江口盆地火山幔源成因型CO2则主要受控于幔源型火山活动和沟通深部气源的基底深大断裂的导气配置作用，CO2运聚富集规律与幔源型火山活动及深大断裂的发育展布密切相关，CO2主要来自地壳深部幔源火山活动所伴生的大量CO2；因此，根据壳源岩石化学成因型CO2与火山幔源成因型CO2不同成因机理及成藏条件，可以追踪CO2气源，可分析和预测天然气尤其是CO2的运聚分布规律，可为天然气勘探部署及决策提供依据，可减少和降低勘探风险。
It is shown that in the basins in the Eastern China, onshore and offshore, the formation of CO2 reservoir is crust-sourced and crust-mantal-mixed-sourced, mainly controlled by local activity of hot fluid into the mud diapir area in multi-phase and multi-zones in physical-chemical mechanism of very thick marine calcareous sandstone and mudstone of Pliocene-Miocene. The volcano- and mantle-sourced CO2 in the Qiongdongnan Basin and Pearl River Mouth Basin is mainly controlled by magmatism and major faults which cut through the basements and link to the mantle gas.
研究表明，中国东部陆相断陷盆地与东海陆架盆地及南海北部陆架琼东南盆地东部和珠江口盆地的CO2气藏及高含CO2油气藏中CO2均属典型的火山幔源型成因，主要受控于幔源型火山活动脱气与沟通深部气源的基底深大断裂的导气配置作用，其运聚富集规律及控制因素与幔源型火山活动及深大断裂的发育展布密切相关，CO2气源主要来自地壳深部幔源火山活动所脱出的大量原始CO2；南海北部陆架西区莺歌海盆地CO2气藏及中国东部陆相断陷盆地部分高含CO2油气藏中CO2，则属于壳源型及壳幔混合型成因，CO2形成及运聚成藏，主要受控于火山侵入活动对碳酸盐岩的烘烤和泥底辟热流体晚期分层分块多期的局部上侵活动与沉积巨厚的海相含钙砂泥岩的物理化学综合作用，其运聚分布规律具多期和分层分区的特点。
As to Pliocene hard clays, the clay particle content is high, and montmorillonite or illite/montmorillonite turbostratic mineral is the dominating clay mineral. The content of effective montmorillonte is very high, which is the basis for the undesirable engineering properties of Pliocene hard clays, and main factors of disaster are obvious properties such as fissured, overconsolidated and expansive and seam-sheared zone; the result of unconfined compression test, direct shear test, triaxial test and rheological test shows that Pliocene hard clays is an intermediate type of the material between the hard soil and the soft rock, the stress-strain curve is strong-softening-softening type, brittle failure. The influence of water content is clearly to hard clay. There is an obvious difference between peak value and residual strength. There is a short space of time from accelerated creep to destroyed creep. Therefore, for landslide happens, the strength loss will generate the thrust, leading landslide sliding accelerated along the slide base.
上新世硬粘土粘粒含量高，粘土矿物以蒙脱石或伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物为主，有效蒙脱石含量比较高，因而具有很高的物理化学活性，这些特性成为硬粘土不良工程特性的基础，而硬粘土的的裂隙性、超固结性和膨胀性，加之层间剪切带的发育，是灾害发生的主要原因；无侧限抗压试验、直剪试验、三轴试验和流变试验结果显示，上新世硬粘土是一种硬土-软岩的过渡类型，其应力应变曲线呈强软化-软化型，呈脆性破坏，含水量对硬粘土的强度影响十分明显，峰值、残余强度间存在明显的差值，由加速蠕变到破坏蠕变时间短暂，因此滑坡发生时，突然损失的峰残差值形成下滑推力，导致滑体沿着滑床面瞬间剧烈滑动。
Dolphin, about living in the Yangtze River in the years 2500 and the white dolphin, is the Miocene and Pliocene extension has kept the ancient relict biological.
包括白鳍豚的简介，濒危的原因，还有现在能做的措施。白鳍豚，在长江里大约生活了2500万年的白暨豚，是中新世及上新世延存至今的古老孑遗生物。
Xiaozhongdian Basin is a NNW-directed fault depression basin which was shaped while the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau intensely upheaved since the end of the Pliocene epoch, where the lacustrine clay of the middle and late Pleistocene is well distributed from the Xiaozhongdian River section.
滇西北小中甸盆地是上新世末期以来在青藏高原强烈隆起过程中形成的NNW向第四纪断陷湖盆地，从深切的小中甸河谷剖面可见盆地上部发育中晚更新世湖相粘土。
Influenced by tectonic movement, there were no sediments in the area from Oligocene to Miocene. Appearance of marlite in the Pliocene, especially in Yaqueling region, proved localized depositing environment forming, for which there had only few amount of terrigenous matters to supply. Sedimentary facies association of alluvial fan, fan delta and inland lake appeared at the early and middle stage of lower Pleistocene, and association of fan delta and inland lake appeared at the later stage of lower Pleistocene and the early stage of middle Pleistocene. Net-veined laterite appeared at the top of lacustrine deposit, which reflected pedogenesis taking place after the end of deposition. Such evolution history proves that there had no lager river system traversing this area before the early stage of middle Pleistocene.
对于江汉盆地西缘宜昌地区来说，其沉积及古地理演化表现为：早白垩世为受天阳坪断裂控制的内陆湖泊沉积环境，沉积中心在天阳坪断裂的北侧，此时几乎不存在来自黄陵地区的水系；晚白垩世同样为受断裂控制的内陆湖盆环境，但湖盆面积扩大、断裂活动减弱，且后期出现成化湖相沉积；第三纪早期盆地由断陷盆地转变为坳陷盆地，同时石膏的出现代表了局限咸化湖盆的存在；渐新世—中新世，受构造影响，缺失该时期的沉积；上新世时在鸦鹊岭一带出现的泥灰岩沉积反映了陆源物质供应不足的局限沉积环境的存在；早更新世早中期为冲积扇—扇三角洲—内陆湖泊沉积，早更新世晚期—中更新世早期为扇三角洲—湖相沉积，后期出现沉积结束以后的网纹红土化作用。
Our work shows that, because of the large-scale dextral slip along the Red River fault zone, the northwest Yunnan rift-basin region, the extensive tectonics, are formed on the end since Miocene. The extensive basins have spread southeastwardly from the Miocene to the Quaternary. Typical strike-slip deformation appears at the center segment of fault zone. The granitic body in the late-Yanshan period, the coal-basins and the drainage of Lishe River are dextrally offset in-phase. The dextral displacement since the Pliocene can be 30~32km.
研究表明：中新世以来，红河断裂带大规模右旋走滑运动在北段区主要表现为尾端拉张伸展－构成典型的滇西北裂陷盆地区，且自中新世经上新世至第四纪，伸展型盆地由西北向东南扩展；中段区为典型的右旋走滑变形区，燕山晚期花岗岩体、上新世煤盆及礼社江水系均显示为同步右旋位错。
We also investigated the stomatal indices and carbon isotope composition of fossil angiosperm leaves, and then calculated paleo-CO_2 level and phytophysiological parameters in Pliocene.
根据被子植物叶片的气孔指数和碳同位素组成对古大气CO_2浓度和植物古生理参数进行了定量重建。
Genus of Old World hominoids; Miocene and Pliocene.
中新世和上新世的旧大陆人科的一属。
Any of various extinct elephantlike mammals of the genus Stegodon and related genera, of the Pliocene to the Pleistocene.
剑齿象任一种剑齿象属及相关属的已灭绝象形哺乳动物，存在于上新世到更新世
All the volcanic rocks present younger K-Ar age (less than 5Ma), which can be termed as Cenozoic rocks. In general speaking, volcansim can be dividied into two eruptive stages. In the first stage, volcanic rocks for Pliocene epoch (4.4-5Ma) consist of basanite and tephrite, which distributed on Mt. Crater, Cape Bird, and southern bank of Bonney Lake; In the second stage, volcanic rocks for Quaternary (less than 1 Ma) are mainly composed of latite, which are distributed on Cape Rodeys and Cape Evens. On the basis of geochemical data such as major elements, trace elements, rare earth elements, isotope, microprobe analysis, combined with main achievement taken by previous researcher in this area, conclusions are drawn basically as follows
所喷发的火山岩K-Ar年龄值均小于5Ma，为新生代火山岩，大体上可以分为两个喷发阶段，第一个阶段为上新世火山岩(年龄值为4.4-5.0Ma)，主要由碧玄岩和碱玄岩组成，分布于罗斯岛上的克雷克特山、鸟角和泰勒谷的博尼湖南岸；第二阶段为第四纪火山岩(年龄值均小于1Ma)，主要由安粗岩组成，分布于罗斯岛上的罗德角和伊万思角，通过主要元素、微量元素、同位素结合电子探针以及前人的研究成果，我们大体上可以得出如下认识
Evolution history of Sichan Basin indicates that there had been an ancient lake since upper Cretaceous. Although the location and range of the ancient lake changed with tectonic movement, it existed since Pliocene to Pleistocene at Huili-Yanyuan Basin and the latest sediment-Xigeda Group terminated after middle to later stage of lower Pleistocene, which limits the cut-through time of Jinsha River in the ancient lake.
四川盆地的演化历史表明，四川盆地自晚白垩世以来一直存在有古湖，虽然古湖的位置和范围受构造的改造而有所不同，但是在会理—盐源盆地古湖自上新世到更新世一直存在，并且古湖中昔格达组最后结束沉积的时间晚于早更新世中晚期。
Pliocene-Holocene Neotectonism has played a key role in formation of Tertiary oil and gas fields in Bohai Sea.
在影响渤海海域上第三系大型油气田形成的诸多因素中，上新世—全新世的新构造运动起到了关键作用。
In the end of the Pliocene to the initial age of the early Pleistocene, lakes extensively developed at the outset and were in full bloom in the late middle Pleistocene (0.45MaB. P. or0.2MaB. P.) in zigzag zone of farming and animal husbandry. The area of lakes in the period of full bloom was as10-25 times as that of today and the lake-level in this period was at least70m higher than that at present.
中国北方农牧交错带上新世末、早更新世初开始广泛发育湖泊，中更新世中后期，即距今45万年或22~20万年时，湖泊发育达到全盛期，当时湖泊面积是现有湖泊总面积的10~25倍，湖面高度比现代高70m以上，而且绝大部分湖泊为外流湖。
Pliocene Rhododendron and Pinus fossil woods of Yunnan Province and Palaeoclimate
云南上新世杜鹃属和松属化石木研究及其古气候意义
The cuticular microstructures of four angiosperm fossil plants from the Pliocene Mangbang Formation and the Yangyi Formation in Baoshan, Yunnan Province were studied in this paper.
本文研究了云南保山地区上新世羊邑组和芒棒组的四种被子植物化石的表皮微细构造。